A systematic review of the effects of recreation on mammals and birds in mountains: Insights and future research directions

Mountainous areas are popular destinations for outdoor recreation, which can have environmental impacts on wildlife. We assessed research studies about the impacts of recreation on mammals and birds in montane, subalpine and alpine zones using a systematic literature review methodology to identify trends and gaps. We found that research on this topic so far has concentrated on specific regions, seasons, infrastructure, activities and taxa. Most of the 67 articles revived were from Europe (52%) or Northern America (37%) and mainly from subalpine habitats (49%), focused on recreation infrastructure (51%) and mainly done either in summer (47%) or winter (25%). Research was not taxonomically representative but focused on cervids (Cervidae, 21%), bovids (Bovidae, 17%) and grouse (Phasianidae, 8%). It included few species of high conservation value. Almost all research (91%) found significant effects, which were predominantly negative (82%). Infrastructure, such as trails, had the most evidence for negative effects, followed by activities such as hiking and backcountry skiing. Much of the research looked at impacts at individual (42%) or population level (40%) responses, such as changes in behaviour or reductions in habitat, with limited research on communities (7%) or for popular activities such as mountain biking. We invite researchers to make use of emerging technologies, such as remote sensing, and to address research gaps including more regions, taxa and activities. Utilizing current research, land managers can implement more evidence-based strategies to minimise impacts of recreation and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts.