Neural Oscillatory Signatures of Predictive Processing in Visual Statistical Learning

Several studies suggest that neural oscillations play a role in cognition, including predictive processing. Recent models propose that alpha-band traveling waves reflect prediction (top-down, frontal to occipital), while bottom-up waves reflect prediction errors. We tested this hypothesis using a visual statistical learning task in which participants (N=31) detected target shapes presented with varying levels of predictability. EEG and pupillometry were recorded throughout the task. Behavioral results showed faster responses for predictable targets, and pupil dilation increased for unexpected shapes. ERP analyses revealed predictability effects on the P300 component across occipital, central, and frontal electrodes, along with modulation of alpha oscillations. However, traveling-wave analyses did not show a clear effect of predictability between conditions. Instead, wave patterns varied with participants cognitive strategies: individuals who relied more on statistical regularities showed stronger top-down alpha-band waves. These findings suggest that alpha traveling waves may reflect general cognitive strategies rather than specific predictive processes.