Advances in culturing of the sea star Patiria miniata

Abstract

The use of the sea star Patiria miniata as a model system has produced groundbreaking advances in a disparate set of biomedical research fields, including embryology, immunology, regeneration, cell biology and evolution of development. Nonetheless, the life cycle of P. miniata has not yet been closed in the laboratory, precluding the generation of stable transgenic and mutant lines, which would greatly expand the toolset for experimentation with this model system. Rearing P. miniata in the laboratory has been challenging due to limited knowledge about metamorphosis cues, feeding habits of juveniles and their relatively long generation time. Here we report protocols to rear P. miniata embryos through sexual maturity in a laboratory setting. We provide detailed staging of early embryonic development at different temperatures, and show that larvae can be raised to competence in as little as 15 days. We find that retinoic acid induces metamorphosis effectively and present methods to rear juveniles on commercially available foods. We show that in a flow-through system, juveniles double in size every 2 months and reach sexual maturity in approximately 2 years. We report the first example of P. miniata raised through sexual maturity in a laboratory setting, paving the way for the generation of stable mutant sea star lines.