Evaluation of Probiotic Bacteria for the Reduction of Urea, p-Cresol, and Indole Levels
Sandra S. Hammer, Balendu Sankara Avvaru, Aditya Bahl, Steven C. Quay
This study evaluates the in vitro ability of various probiotic strains to reduce urea, p-cresol, and indole levels, finding that Lactobacillus species are most effective in urea breakdown.
bioRxiv · Mar 24, 2025 · PreprintMicrobiology