D. G. E. Gomes

Including random effects in statistical models in ecology: fewer than five levels?

This study challenges the guideline that random effects in ecological models need at least five levels by showing that fewer levels do not bias fixed effect estimates and may be acceptable when random effects are nuisance parameters.

Individual differences show that only some bats can cope with noise-induced masking and distraction.

The paper tests how individual bats respond to noise by measuring echolocation changes, finding that only some can cope with noise-induced masking and distraction.