Autophagy-Mediated Antitumor Effects of BCG and Imiquimod in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Nirvana Shaaban, Magi N. Moussa, Alaa A. Elmorsy, Manal Ibrahim Elnouaem, Omneya R. Ramadan, Hend Mohamed Abdel Hamid, Radwa Ali Mehanna, Ashraf K. Awaad, Enas Omar, Marwa M. Afifi
This study shows that TLR agonists BCG and imiquimod induce autophagy, reducing tumor volume and improving survival in OSCC, with effects comparable to cisplatin but with less toxicity.
bioRxiv · Jul 31, 2026 · PreprintCancer Biology