Three-spined sticklebacks recognise familiar individuals by facial recognition
Shumpei Sogawa, Izumi Inoue, Satoshi Awata, Koki Ikeya, Kento Kawasaka, Masanori Kohda
This study shows three-spined sticklebacks use facial recognition to identify familiar individuals, distinguishing them from strangers based on facial features alone.
Royal Society Open Science · Jul 1, 2025Peer-reviewedAnimal Behavior & Cognition