Effects of commercial unflavored and vanilla-flavored e-liquids on nicotine intake and withdrawal
Deniz Bağdaş, Nardos Kebede, Jennifer Sedaille, Tore Eid, Hanno C. Erythropel, Julie Beth Zimmerman, Nii Addy
This study examines how unflavored and vanilla-flavored e-liquids affect nicotine intake and withdrawal in rats, finding vanilla flavor is reinforcing but does not enhance nicotine consumption or withdrawal severity.
bioRxiv · Jan 13, 2026 · PreprintPharmacology & Toxicology