The effects of human presence, restraint, and stressed neighbors on corticosterone levels in domesticated budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Dustin G. Reichard, Kelly V. Summers
This study measures corticosterone levels in budgerigars to assess stress from human presence, restraint, and social stress transmission, finding that repeated handling and restraint cause significant stress, while social stress transmission is limited.
Zoo Biology · Oct 8, 2025Peer-reviewedZoology