Maternal care and early rearing environment influence puppy behaviour and cognition
Emily E. Bray, Laura E.L.C. Douglas, Kerinne Levy, Gitanjali E. Gnanadesikan, Daniel J. Horschler, Brenda S. Kennedy, Evan L. MacLean
This study examines how maternal care and rearing environment affect puppy behavior and cognition, finding associations between pre-pregnancy dam traits, rearing location, and offspring outcomes.
Animal Behaviour · Jun 2, 2026Peer-reviewedAnimal Behavior & Cognition