Sex-specific effects of social bonds on glucocorticoids in wild chimpanzees
Ellen Danielle Dyer, Zarin P Machanda, Megan F. Cole, Stephanie A Fox, Maggy Kobusingye, Matthew Lem, Emily Otali, Richard W. Wrangham, Martin N. Muller, Melissa Emery Thompson
The paper examines sex-specific effects of social bonds on glucocorticoid levels in wild chimpanzees, finding stronger bonds correlate with lower cortisol in females and higher cortisol in males.
bioRxiv · Feb 4, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology