Extraocular Electrical Stimulation Activates Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo
Nicholas Householder, Omid Sharafi, Anahit Simonyan, Steven T. Walston, Gianluca Lazzi, Michael S. Bienkowski, Kimberly Kinga Gokoffski
This study shows that asymmetric charge-balanced electrical stimulation more effectively activates retinal ganglion cells in vivo at lower amplitudes than symmetric waveforms.
bioRxiv · Sep 16, 2026 · PreprintBioengineering