R. J. Crook

Short report: A judgment bias task reveals stress produces a negative affective state in cuttlefish.

This study uses a judgment bias task to show that stress induces pessimistic behavior in cuttlefish, indicating a negative affective state.

Conditioned Place Preference reveals tonic pain in Octopus

A study shows octopuses exhibit tonic pain behavior through conditioned place preference, indicating pain in invertebrates.