Vesicle architecture licenses antigen-specific memory T cell immunity after mucosal immunization with infection-derived vesicles
Saloni Bhimani, Alexander C. Schultz, Sae Tanaka, Mariola J. Ferraro
This study shows that intact extracellular vesicles from infected cells are necessary for durable memory T cell immunity and Th1 responses after mucosal immunization, while total antibody induction remains unaffected by vesicle disruption.
bioRxiv · Sep 14, 2026 · PreprintImmunology