Individual-based modeling of direct and indirect competition by the glass-box artificial intelligence
Vyacheslav Kalmykov, Lev V. Kalmykov
This paper develops an individual-based model using explainable AI to demonstrate mechanisms of direct and indirect competition between species, showing how weaker species can outcompete stronger ones and how complete competitors can coexist.
Chaos Solitons & Fractals · Sep 17, 2025Peer-reviewedSystems Biology