Polymorphonuclear neutrophils modulate the responses of human immune cells to vaccines in an in vitro blood cell culture system
Shuran Gong, Harshad P. Patil, Jacqueline J. de Vries-Idema, Martin Beukema, Anke L. W. Huckriede
This study shows that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) regulate vaccine-induced immune responses by modulating monocyte dynamics, T cell differentiation, and cytokine production in co-cultures with PBMCs.
bioRxiv · Jun 19, 2026 · PreprintImmunology