Pisum sativum applies sanctions to less effective strains at the nodule level, but not within mixed nodules
Thomas J Underwood, Beatriz Jorrín, Lindsay Ann Turnbull, Philip S. Poole
This study shows that pea plants sanction entire nodules based on nitrogen fixation rates, not individual bacteria, preventing ineffective strains from evading sanctions by piggybacking.
Journal of Experimental Botany · Apr 24, 2026Peer-reviewedPlant Biology