Matto Leeuwis

This study quantifies the energetic cost of standing balance and gait initiation across natural postures, finding that energy expenditure is asymmetric with respect to lean angle and that postural preferences do not strictly minimize energy cost.

The paper shows that cortical responses to balance perturbations, like N1 and midfrontal theta, persist without active postural control, suggesting they reflect unexpected sensory evaluation rather than corrective actions.