Gestational exposure to unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides dysregulates placental molecular clock network and fetoplacental growth dynamics, and disrupts maternal blood pressure circadian rhythms in rats

Abstract

Bacterial infections and impaired mitochondrial DNA dynamics are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are common in bacterial and mitochondrial DNA and act as potent immunostimulators. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) during pregnancy would disrupt blood pressure circadian rhythms and the placental molecular clock machinery, mediating aberrant fetoplacental growth dynamics. Rats were repeatedly treated with CpG ODN in the 3rd trimester (gestational day, GD, 14, 16, 18) and euthanized on GD20 (near term) or with a single dose of CpG ODN and euthanized 4 hours after treatment on GD14. Hemodynamic circadian rhythms were analyzed via Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis on 24-h raw data collected continuously via radiotelemetry. A p-value [≥] 0.05 indicates the absence of a circadian rhythm. Following the first treatment with CpG ODN, maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressure circadian rhythms were lost (p [≥] 0.05). Blood pressure circadian rhythm was restored by GD16 and remained unaffected after the second treatment with CpG ODN (p < 0.0001). Diastolic blood pressure circadian rhythm was again lost after the last treatment on GD18 (p [≥] 0.05). CpG ODN increased placental expression of Per2 and Per3 and Tnf (p [≤] 0.05) and affected fetoplacental growth dynamics, such as reduced fetal and placental weights were disproportionately associated with increases in the number of resorptions in ODN-treated dams compared to controls. In conclusion, gestational exposure to unmethylated CpG DNA dysregulates placental molecular clock network and fetoplacental growth dynamics and disrupts blood pressure circadian rhythms.