Infrared heater warming system markedly reduces dew formation: An overlooked factor in arid ecosystems

Dew plays a vital role in ecosystem processes in arid and semi-arid regions and is expected to be affected by climate warming. Infrared heater warming systems have been widely used to simulate climate warming effects on ecosystem. However, how this warming system affects dew formation has been long ignored and rarely addressed. In a typical alpine grassland ecosystem on the Northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, we measured dew amount and duration by artificial condensing surfaces, leaf wetness sensors and in situ dew formation on plants from 2012 to 2017. We also measured plant traits related to dew conditions. The results showed that (1) warming reduced the dew amount by 41.6%-91.1% depending on the measurement method, and reduced dew duration by 32.1 days compared to the ambient condition. (2) Different plant functional groups differed in dew formation. (3) Under the infrared warming treatment, the dew amount decreased with plant height, while under the ambient conditions, the dew amount showed the opposite trend. We concluded that warming with an infrared heater system greatly reduces dew formation, and if ignored, it may lead to overestimation of the effects of climate warming on ecosystem processes in climate change simulation studies.