Navigating the Impact of the 21st Century Cures Act Final Rule: A National Cross-Sectional Survey of U.S. Genetic Counselors

The 21st Century Cures Act Final Rule (Final Rule) increases patient access to their health records but raises concerns about distress and misunderstanding of automatically released results and documentation. Little is known about genetic counselors (GCs) experiences with the Final Rule. In Fall 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of U.S. GCs about the Final Rules perceived impact on practice and assessed if being the ordering versus non-ordering provider for genetic testing affected perceptions of Final Rule-related changes. GCs (n=102) reported demographic and workplace characteristics, institutional policy changes, workflow changes, and perceived patient harms and benefits due to the Final Rule. To compare ordering and non-ordering providers, we conducted Fishers exact tests for categorical variables and trend tests for ordinal variables. Open response questions elicited examples of positive and negative patient impacts, the effects of patient characteristics, and practice changes in response to the Final Rule. Twenty-seven GCs were ordering providers and 66 were non-ordering providers. Relative to ordering providers, non-ordering providers expressed stronger agreement with statements indicating concern about the emotional impact on patients reviewing results or notes without support (P=0.002, 33% vs. 51% strongly agree), patients misunderstanding or misinterpreting results (P=0.025, 44% vs. 70% strongly agree), and patients contacting the inappropriate party to discuss results (P=0.023, 19% vs. 48% strongly agree). Agreement with the statement "patients have more knowledge/context/questions at our disclosure session due to previous results review" also differed by ordering provider status (P=0.007). In open responses, GCs expressed concerns about patients strong emotional reactions, patients misinterpreting results, workflow disruptions, and widening health disparities. Benefits included patients ability to be reassured, informed, or empowered earlier; ease of sharing health information; and more efficient workflow due to automatic release of results. These results emphasize the importance of clear communication within health systems and between patients and providers. What is known about this topicThe 21 Century Cures Act Final Rule (Final Rule) increases patients access to their health records, including automatically released results and clinical documentation. In prior studies, physicians and physician-led care team members recognize potential benefits for patient empowerment and potential harms due to information overload and misunderstanding, but little is known about mid-level providers perspectives, including genetic counselors. What this paper adds to the topicIn a national survey, U.S. genetic counselors expressed worries about direct release of genetic test results, including concerns about patients emotional responses, risks related to misinterpretation of results and next steps, and the impact on their workflow. The study offers suggestions on how GCs can navigate changes imposed by the Final Rule.