A Horizontal View of Primary Metabolomes in Vegetative Desiccation Tolerance

Vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT), the ability of such tissues to survive the near complete loss of cellular water, is a rare but polyphyletic phenotype. It is a complex multifactorial trait, typified by some near universal (core) factors but with many and varied adaptations due to plant architecture, biochemistry and biotic/abiotic dynamics of particular ecological niches. The ability to enter into a quiescent biophysically stable state is what ultimately determines desiccation tolerance. Thus, understanding of the metabolomic complement of plants with VDT gives insight into the nature of survival as well as evolutionary aspects of VDT. In this study we measured the soluble carbohydrate profiles and the polar, TMS-derivatisable metabolomes of 7 phylogenetically diverse species with VDT, in contrast with 3 desiccation sensitive (DS) species, under conditions of full hydration, severe water deficit stress, and desiccated. Our study confirmed the existence of core mechanisms of VDT systems relying on either constitutively abundant trehalose, or the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides and sucrose, with threshold ratios conditioned by other features of the metabolome. DS systems did not meet these ratios. Considerable chemical variations among VDT species suggest that similar stresses, e.g. photosynthetic stress, are dealt with using different chemical regimes. Furthermore, differences in timing of metabolic shifts suggest there is not a single "desiccation programme", but that subprocesses are coordinated differently at different phases of drying. There is likely to be constraints on the composition of a viable dry state and how different adaptive strategies interact with the biophysical constraints of VDT.