RinRK1 Promotes Accumulation of Nod Factor Receptors in Nanodomain-like structures at the tip of infected root hairs

Legume-rhizobia root-nodule symbioses involve the recognition of rhizobial Nod factor (NF) signals by NF receptors, triggering both nodule organogenesis and rhizobial infection. RinRK1 is induced by NF signaling and is essential for infection thread (IT) formation in Lotus japonicus. However, the precise mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. Here, we show that RinRK1 interacts with the extracellular domains of NF receptors NFR1 and NFR5 to promote their accumulation at root hair tips in response to rhizobia or NFs. Furthermore, Flotillin 1 (Flot1), a nanodomain-organizing protein, associates with the kinase domains of NFR1, NFR5 and RinRK1. RinRK1 promotes the interactions between Flot1 and NFR1 or NFR5 and both RinRK1 and Flot1 are necessary for the accumulation of NFR1 and NFR5 at root hair tips upon NF stimulation. Our study show that RinRK1 and Flot1 play a crucial role in NF receptor complex assembly within localized plasma membrane signaling centers to promote symbiotic infection.