Linguistic structure and meaning organize neural oscillations into a content-specific hierarchy

Neural oscillations track linguistic information during speech comprehension (e.g., Ding et al., 2016; Keitel et al., 2018), and are known to be modulated by acoustic landmarks and speech intelligibility (e.g., Zoefel & VanRullen, 2015). But, it is unclear what information (e.g., timing, rhythm, or content) the brain utilizes to generate linguistic structure and meaning beyond the information that is present in the physical stimulus. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether oscillations are modulated by linguistic content over and above the speech stimulus rhythmicity and temporal distribution. We manipulated the presence of semantic and syntactic information apart from the timescale of their occurrence, and controlled for the acoustic-prosodic and lexical-semantic information in the signal. EEG was recorded while 29 adult native speakers of all genders listened to naturally-spoken Dutch sentences, jabberwocky controls with a sentence-like prosodic rhythm and morphemes, word lists with lexical content but no phrase structure, and backwards acoustically-matched controls. Mutual information (MI) analysis revealed sensitivity to linguistic content: Phase MI was highest for sentences at the phrasal (0.8-1.1 Hz) and lexical timescale (1.9-2.8 Hz), suggesting that the delta-band is modulated by lexically-driven combinatorial processing beyond prosody, and that linguistic content (i.e., structure and meaning) organizes the phase of neural oscillations beyond the timescale and rhythmicity of the stimulus. This pattern is consistent with neurophysiologically-inspired models of language comprehension (Martin, 2016, 2020; Martin & Doumas, 2017) where oscillations encode endogenously-generated linguistic content over and above exogenous or stimulus-driven timing and rhythm information. Significance StatementBiological systems like the brain encode their environment not only by reacting in a series of stimulus-driven responses, but by combining stimulus-driven information with endogenous, internally-generated, inferential knowledge and meaning. Understanding language from speech is the human benchmark for this. Much research focusses on the purely stimulus-driven response, but here, we focus on the goal of language behavior: conveying structure and meaning. To that end, we use naturalistic stimuli that contrast acoustic-prosodic and lexical-semantic information to show that, during spoken language comprehension, oscillatory modulations reflect computations related to inferring structure and meaning from the acoustic signal. Our experiment provides the first evidence to date that compositional structure and meaning organize the oscillatory response, above and beyond acoustic and lexical controls.