The rice leaf microbiome has a conserved community structure controlled by complex host-microbe interactions

Understanding the factors that influence the outcome of crop interactions with microbes is key to managing crop diseases and improving yield. While the composition, structure and functional profile of crop microbial communities are shaped by complex interactions between the host, microbes and the environment, the relative contribution of each of these factors is mostly unknown. Here, we profiled the community composition of bacteria across leaves of 3,024 rice (Oryza sativa) accessions from field trials in China and the Philippines using metagenomics. Despite significant differences in diversity between environments, the structure and metabolic profiles of the microbiome appear to be conserved, suggesting that microbiomes converge onto core functions. Furthermore, co-occurrence analysis identified microbial hubs that regulate the network structure of the microbiome. We identified rice genomic regions controlling the abundance of these hubs, enriched for processes involved in stress responses and carbohydrate metabolism. We functionally validated the importance of these processes, finding that abundance of hub taxa was different in rice mutants with altered cellulose and salicylate accumulation, two major metabolites at the host-microbe interactions interface. By identifying key host genomic regions, host traits and hub microbes that govern microbiome composition, our study opens the door to designing future cropping systems.