Chronic HDACi emends microglial differentiation and neurological disease in a mouse model of intellectual disability

Abstract

Defect in lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) underlies a rare intellectual disability disorder, Kabuki Syndrome (KS). We show that in addition to reduction in post-natal neurogenesis, KS mice present small, arrested hippocampal microglia which single cell RNA sequence analyses revealed as globally downregulated, occupying neither activated nor surveillance states. Weekly administration of a triple combination formulation (TCF) containing the FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor Vorinostat, HPBCD and PEG-400 for three months, boosted microglia. Transcriptomic, pseudotime cell trajectory analyses, imaging and behavioral data suggest that TCF differentiated KS microglia from arrested to non-diseased and non-activated surveillance forms by selective acetylation of histone H3, that restored the open chromatin mark H3K4me3 independent of Kmt2D, to improve cognitive and nociceptive responses. Wild-type microglia showed no substantial transcriptional or histone changes, intimating normal heterochromatin resisted TCF. These findings reveal a novel chromatin-mediated mechanism of microglial differentiation uncoupled from activation, with therapeutic potential for KS and related disorders.