Male evolution under relaxed selection: Evidence for degeneration in sperm produced by male snails from asexual lineages

How drastic changes in selective regimes affect trait evolution is an important open biological question. We take advantage of naturally occurring and repeated transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction in a New Zealand freshwater snail species to address how relaxed selection on male-specific traits influences sperm morphology. The occasional production of male offspring by the otherwise all-female asexual lineages allows a unique and powerful opportunity to assess the fate of sperm traits in a context where males are unnecessary. These comparisons revealed that the sperm produced by "asexual" males are markedly distinct from sexual counterparts. In particular, the asexual male sperm harbored markedly higher phenotypic variation and was much more likely to be morphologically abnormal. Together, these data suggest that transitions to asexual reproduction might be irreversible at least in part because male function is likely to be compromised. More broadly, our results are consistent with a scenario where relaxed selection translates into rapid trait degeneration.