Movement ecology of captive-bred axolotls in restored and artificial wetlands: conservation insights for amphibian reintroductions and translocations

Amphibians are among the most endangered vertebrates globally due to habitat loss, environmental degradation, and urban expansion. The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a critically endangered aquatic species endemic to Xochimilco, exemplifies these challenges. This study evaluates the viability of restored and artificial wetlands for axolotl conservation by comparing movement patterns, home range sizes, and habitat use. Using VHF telemetry, we tracked captive-bred axolotls released into both environments. Axolotls survived and foraged successfully in both sites, with those in La Cantera Oriente (LCO) exhibiting larger home ranges and greater daily distances traveled than those in Xochimilco. A quadratic relationship between water temperature and movement indicated a narrow thermal preference. Additionally, age and sex influenced movement patterns, with younger axolotls and females traveling greater distances. Recaptured individuals gained weight, suggesting successful adaptation, although two axolotls were lost to avian predation in Xochimilco after the study concluded. These findings highlight the potential of artificial wetlands like LCO for axolotl conservation by providing stable conditions that may mitigate habitat degradation and climate change impacts. The study recommends integrating native and artificial habitats into conservation strategies, incorporating predator awareness training before release, and ongoing habitat monitoring to enhance survival outcomes for this iconic species.