Experimental depletion of gut microbiota diversity reduces host thermal tolerance and fitness under heat stress in a vertebrate ectotherm

Predicting the responses of ectotherms to climate change is a global conservation priority which requires identifying factors that influence how animals respond physiologically to changing temperature. Host-associated microbial communities impact animal physiology and have been shown to influence host thermal tolerance in invertebrate systems. However, the role of commensal microbiota in thermal tolerance of ectothermic vertebrates is unknown. Here we show that experimentally depleting the diversity of the tadpole gut microbiome through environmental water sterilization reduces the hosts acute thermal tolerance to both heat and cold, alters the thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance, and reduces animal survival under acute heat stress. We show that these tadpoles have reduced activities of mitochondrial enzymes and altered metabolic rates compared to tadpoles colonized with a diverse microbiota, which could underlie differences in thermal phenotypes. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, a link between the gut microbiome of an ectothermic vertebrate and the hosts thermal tolerance, performance, and fitness, thus highlighting the importance of considering host-associated microbial communities when predicting species responses to climate change.