Prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use of wild species inferred from the IUCN Red List

Unsustainable exploitation of wild species represents a serious threat to biodiversity and to the livelihoods of local communities and indigenous peoples. However, managed, sustainable use has the potential to forestall extinctions, aid recovery, and meet human needs. Research to date has focused on unsustainable biological resource use with little consideration of sustainable use; we infer the current prevalence of both. We analyzed species-level data for 30,923 species from 13 taxonomic groups on the IUCN Red List. Our results demonstrate the broad taxonomic prevalence of use, with 40% of species (10,098 of 25,009 species from 10 data-sufficient taxonomic groups) documented as being used. The main purposes of use are pets, display animals and horticulture, and human consumption. Use often has an adverse impact on species extinction risk (we define this as biologically unsustainable): intentional use is currently contributing to elevated extinction risk for over a quarter of all threatened or Near Threatened (NT) species (2,752 - 2,848 of 9,753 species). Intentional use also threatens 16% of all species used (1,597 - 1,631 of 10,098). However, 72% of species that are used (7,291 of 10,098) are Least Concern (LC), of which nearly half (3,469) also have stable or improving population trends. The remainder of used species are not documented as threatened by biological resource use, including 172 threatened or NT species with stable or improving populations. Around a third of species that have use documented as a threat do not currently receive targeted species management actions to directly address this threat. We offer suggestions for improving use-related Red List data. Our findings on the prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use, and variation across taxa, can inform international policymaking, including the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.