Optical Control of Membrane Fluidity Modulates Protein Secretion

Abstract

The lipid composition of cellular membranes is dynamic and undergoes remodelling affecting biophysical properties, such as membrane fluidity, which are critical to biological function. Here, we introduce an optical approach to manipulate membrane fluidity based on exogenous synthetic fatty acid with an azobenzene photoswitch, termed FAAzo4. Cells rapidly incorporate FAAzo4 into phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major phospholipid in mammalian cells, in a concentration- and cell type-dependent manner. This generates photoswitchable PC analogs (AzoPC), which are predominantly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Irradiation causes a rapid photoisomerization that increases membrane fluidity with high spatiotemporal precision. We use these PhotoCells to study the impact of membrane mechanics on protein export from the ER and demonstrate that this two-step process has distinct membrane fluidity requirements. Our approach represents an unprecedented way of manipulating membrane fluidity in cellulo and opens novel avenues to probe roles of fluidity in a wide variety of biological processes.