Vector dynamics influence spatially imperfect genetic interventions against disease

Abstract

Background and objectivesGenetic engineering and similar technologies offer promising new approaches to controlling human diseases by blocking transmission from vectors. However, in spatially structured populations, imperfect coverage of the vector will leave pockets in which the parasite can persist. Yet movement by humans may disrupt this local persistence and facilitate eradication when these pockets are small, essentially distributing parasite reproduction out of unprotected areas and into areas that block its reproduction. MethodologyWe develop formal mathematical models of this process similar to standard Ross-Macdonald models, but (i) specifying spatial structure of two patches, with transmission blocked in one patch but not in the other, (ii) allowing temporary human movement (travel instead of migration), and (iii) considering two different modes of mosquito biting. ResultsWe find that there is no invariant effect of disrupting spatial structure with travel. For both biting models, travel out of the unprotected patch has different consequences than travel by visitors into the patch, but the effects are reversed between the two biting models. Conclusions and implicationsOverall, the effect of human travel on the maintenance of vector-borne diseases in structured habitats must be considered in light of the actual biology of mosquito abundances and biting dynamics. Lay summaryGenetic interventions against pathogens transmitted by insect vectors are promising methods of controlling infectious diseases. These interventions may be imperfect, leaving pockets where the parasite persists. How will human movement between protected and unprotected areas affect persistence? Mathematical models developed here show that the answer is ecology-dependent, depending on vector biting behavior.