Inner limiting Membrane Peel Extends In vivo Calcium Imaging of Retinal Ganglion Cell Activity Beyond the Fovea in Non-Human Primate

PurposeAdaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) paired with intravitreal injection of a viral vector coding for the calcium indicator GCaMP has enabled visualization of neuronal activity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at single cell resolution in the living eye. However, the inner limiting membrane (ILM) restricts viral transduction to the fovea in humans and non-human primates (NHP), hindering both therapeutic intervention and physiological study of the retina. To address this, we explored peeling the ILM before intravitreal injection to expand calcium imaging beyond the fovea in the living primate eye. MethodsFive eyes from Macaca fascicularis (age 3-10; n=3; 2 males, 1 female) underwent vitrectomy and ILM peel centered on the fovea prior to intravitreal delivery of 7m8:SNCG:GCaMP8s. RGC responses to visual flicker were evaluated using AOSLO calcium imaging 1-6 months post intravitreal injection. ResultsCalcium activity was observed in RGCs throughout the ILM peeled area in all eyes, representing a mean 8-fold increase in accessible recording area relative to a representative control eye. RGC responses in the ILM peeled and control eyes were comparable and showed no significant decrease over the 6 months following the procedure. In addition, we demonstrated that activity can be recorded directly from the retinal nerve fiber layer. ConclusionsPeeling the ILM is a viable strategy to expand viral access to the GCL for gene therapies in NHP. Overall, this approach has potential to advance visual neuroscience, including pre-clinical evaluation of retinal function, detection of vision loss, and assessment of therapeutic interventions.