The P2 protein of wheat yellow mosaic virus acts as a VSR to facilitate virus infection in wheat plants

Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) causes severe viral wheat disease in Asia. The WYMV P1 protein encoded by RNA2 has viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) activity to facilitate virus infection; however, VSR activity has not been identified for P2 protein encoded by RNA2. In this study, P2 protein exhibited strong VSR activity in Nicotiana benthamiana at the four-leaf stage, and point mutants P70A and G230A lost VSR activity. Protein P2 interacted with calmodulin (CaM) protein, a gene-silencing associated protein, while point mutants P70A and G230A did not interact with it. Competitive bimolecular fluorescence complementation and competitive co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that P2 interfered with the interaction between CaM and calmodulin-binding transcription activator 3 (CAMTA3), but the point mutants P70A and G230A could not. Mechanical inoculation of wheat with in vitro transcripts of WYMV infectious cDNA clone further confirmed that VSR-deficient mutants P70A and G230A decreased WYMV infection in wheat plants compared with the wild type. In addition, RNA silencing, temperature, and autophagy had significant effects on accumulation of P2 protein in N. benthamiana leaves. In conclusion, WYMV P2 plays a VSR role in wheat and promotes virus infection by interfering with calmodulin-related antiviral RNAi defense. One-sentence summaryWYMV P2 protein exerts VSR activity by interfering with the CaM-CAMTA3 interaction to facilitate virus efficient systemic infection in wheat plants.