Drought-induced mortality: stem diameter variation reveals a point of no return in lavender species

In the context of climate changes, water availability is expected to severely decline. Consequently, there is a need to predict mortality of woody species, especially to find a physiological threshold to drought-induced mortality. Lavender species (Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula x intermedia) which are important crops of the Mediterranean region are affected by a decline, notably caused by successive intense drought events. Lavender response to extreme drought events was monitored using continuous stem diameter measurements. Water potential, stomatal conductance, loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity and electrolyte leakage were also measured during desiccation, and recovery was evaluated after rewatering. Two parameters computed from stem diameter variations were related to stress intensity and resilience to stress: PLD (Percentage Loss of Diameter) and stem PLRC (Percentage Loss of Rehydration Capacity of the stem), respectively. We showed that plants did not recover when the PLD reached its maximal value (PLDmax) which was 21.27 {+/-} 0.57% in both lavender species and whatever the growing conditions. This point of no return was associated with a high level of cell lysis evaluated by electrolyte leakage, and occurred far after the xylem hydraulic failure. We discussed the relevance of PLDmax as a threshold for drought-induced mortality and its physiological significance, in relation to the mortality mechanisms. One-sentence summaryUnder extreme drought, lavender death occurs when the water storage of the elastic compartment of the stem is exhausted.