A tradeoff between tolerance and resistance to a major fungal pathogen in elite wheat cultivars

O_LITolerance and resistance represent two strategies that hosts evolved to protect themselves from pathogens. Tolerance alleviates the reduction in host fitness due to infection without reducing a pathogens growth, while resistance reduces pathogen growth. We investigated tolerance of wheat to the major fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in 335 elite wheat cultivars. C_LIO_LIWe used a novel digital phenotyping approach that included 11,152 infected leaves and counted 2,069,048 pathogen fruiting bodies. C_LIO_LIWe discovered a new component of tolerance that is based on the relationship between the green area remaining on a leaf and the number of pathogen fruiting bodies. We found a negative correlation between tolerance and resistance among intolerant cultivars, presenting the first compelling evidence for a tradeoff between tolerance and resistance to plant pathogens. Surprisingly, the tradeoff arises due to limits in the host resources available to the pathogen and not due to metabolic constraints, contrary to what ecological theory suggests. C_LIO_LIThe mechanism underlying this tradeoff may be relevant for many plant diseases in which the amount of host resources available to the pathogen can limit the pathogen population. Our analysis indicates that European wheat breeders may have selected for tolerance instead of resistance to an important pathogen. C_LI