Development of a Low-cost Extrusion Multi-nozzle 3D Bioprinter for Complex Constructs

Extrusion-based multi-material bioprinting is a promising approach for fabricating complex tissue constructs, but current systems often require expensive hardware or support only one or a few numbers of bioinks. In this study, a low-cost, compact, and versatile multi-nozzle bioprinter (MNB) system was developed for pneumatic extrusion of up to 10 different inks using a rotational head. The system was integrated with a commercial 3D printer platform and controlled using custom G-code commands. Backlash compensation and nozzle-specific calibrations were experimentally determined to minimize positioning errors and airflow misalignment. The developed system showed stable repeatability in both clockwise and counterclockwise movements. Lines and various structures were successfully printed with different nozzle-switching directions and printing sequences. Representative structures including a diamond pattern, a multilayer scaffold, a pyramid structure, and a kidney-like construct were successfully fabricated. These results demonstrate that the proposed MNB system can produce complex 2D and 3D multi-material structures with good positional accuracy and repeatability.