Fitness incentives to male fighters undermine fighting performance in intergroup contests

In humans and other animal societies, groups engage in intergroup conflicts over resources. The success of groups in these conflicts depends on individual contributions to collective fighting, yet individuals may have personal fitness incentives to defect rather than fight, which could undermine group performance. Here we test the hypothesis that personal fitness incentives affect intergroup conflict success in wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). In this species, intergroup fights are sometimes initiated by estrous females, who gain outgroup matings while their male group-mates contribute most of the fighting effort. We found that group fighting success was highest when a groups females were in estrus, suggesting that, although females may initiate fights, their male group-mates seem motivated to chase away rival groups to defend their paternity. Surprisingly, we found that groups that won fights conceded more paternity to their rivals than groups that lost. In other words, behavioral "wins" did not always result in fitness "wins". Younger males were more successful at attaining paternity between groups compared to within their own groups, suggesting that they may forego intergroup fighting to focus on intergroup mating. Overall, our results suggest that personal fitness incentives--here, in the form of paternity--vary widely among group members and can undermine rather than promote collective fighting performance. Such conflicts of interest are likely inherent in group combat and can contribute to variation in the frequency and costliness of intergroup violence.