Filopodia-like Structures are Essential for Steroid Release

Abstract

Steroid hormones, crucial for development and physiology, were traditionally believed to diffuse passively through membranes. However, recent evidence shows insect steroid ecdysone being secreted via regulated exocytosis, but the mechanisms ensuring successful hormone release into circulation remain unclear. Our study identifies specialized membrane protrusions, filopodia-like structures named "hormonemes," in the Drosophila prothoracic gland as essential for steroid vesicle release. Confocal imaging reveals that these actin- and tubulin-rich structures form a membrane-intertwined basal domain critical for secretion. Disrupting filopodia by interfering with BM interactions--perlecan or {beta}-integrin--or filopodia-specific protein expression---actinin--significantly reduces ecdysone signaling by impairing its release, despite proper production in the gland. Additionally, filopodia dynamics, such as length and density, align with secretion timing and hormone circulating levels, suggesting their role in synchronizing release with physiological needs. The systematic presence of membrane protrusions in steroid-secreting glands across species prompts a comprehensive re-evaluation of steroid release mechanisms.