Cytocapsulae and cytocapsular tubes are golden targets for precise, effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and therapy in 307 kinds of liquid and solid cancers

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of human lethality worldwide. A cancer cell is not only the cytoplasm and nucleus enclosed in the cell membrane. A malignant tumor is not only a mass of cancer cells. Cancer in a patient is not only isolated tumors distributed in tissues and organs. The comprehensive understanding of the complete structural compartments and their biological functions of cancer cells, malignant tumors and tumor systems in patients in vivo is an indispensable prerequisite for effective drug development and efficient clinical cancer pharmacotherapies. However, there remains an open question for a long time: what are the complete structural compartments of cancer cells, malignant tumors and tumor systems in the patient body? Here, we comprehensively and systematically investigated the complete structural compartments of cancer cells, malignant tumors and cytocapsular tube (CCT) network-tumor system (CNTS) of 307 types/subtypes of cancers in 33 kinds of tissues and organs by biochemistry and molecular biology assays with 9,811 clinical cancer tissue specimens from 9,637 cancer patients and >110,000 immunohistochemistry (IHC) fluorescence staining images. We discovered the complete structural compartments of cancer cells, malignant tumors and CNTSs in 307 kinds of cancers, elucidated mechanisms of cytocapsular growth and CCT elongation, and identified the comprehensive procedures of cancer evolution in patients. This study paves avenues for curing all kinds of cancers.