Deep learning-guided design of hydrolases for crystalline PET depolymerization

Abstract

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a ubiquitous polyester used in packaging and textiles, persists in the environment due to its high crystallinity and stability, contributing substantially to global plastic pollution. Enzymatic depolymerization by PET hydrolase (PETase) offers a chemically precise and environmentally sustainable route to convert PET into its monomeric building blocks, enabling recycling. However, practical implementation remains hindered by the rigid, crystalline architecture of PET, which restricts enzyme access and necessitates energy-intensive pretreatment to enable efficient depolymerization. In addition, most PETases achieve only partial depolymerization with low terephthalic acid (TPA) yields and accumulate inhibitory intermediates, while limited thermostability and slow surface kinetics further restrict efficiency. To overcome these barriers, we report VenusPETase, an engineered variant of KbPETase designed using PET-Flow, a state-of-the-art computational framework for PETase engineering. Compared with KbPETase, VenusPETase exhibits a 3.4-fold increase in hydrolytic activity, up to a 27-fold improvement after heat treatment of protein, and a 12 {degrees}C enhancement in thermostability. VenusPETase exhibits rapid degradation across a wide crystallinity range (8%-50%) at 50 {degrees}C, effectively spanning the entire spectrum of commercial PET products. Moreover, VenusPETase outperformed nine high-performance PETases under their respective optimal conditions and degraded untreated PET substrates across 8%-50% crystallinity, producing TPA as over 95% of the released products with minimal intermediate accumulation. X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that dynamic modulation, elevated surface electrostatic potential enhance the interaction of VenusPETase with crystalline PET, thereby lowering the hydrolytic energy barrier and improving catalytic performance. We also demonstrate that untreated, postconsumer-PET from nine different products can all be degraded by VenusPETase. The recovered monomers can be directly repolymerized into virgin-quality PET, demonstrating a closed-loop enzymatic recycling process. In a 100 L bioreactor, VenusPETase completely depolymerizes post-consumer crystalline PET (28% crystallinity) within 24 h under 50 {degrees}C. These results establish VenusPETase as a robust biocatalyst that enables efficient, closed-loop recycling of crystalline PET under mild conditions.