Common mycelial network mediated inter-plant signals modulate plant biotic stress responses and defence against foliar pathogens

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous root symbionts that form common mycelial networks (CMN), linking multiple plants underground. CMN are hypothesized to play a role for information exchange between plants for neighbour-primed defences. However, the key transcriptomic and metabolome responses in receiver plant associated with inter-plant CMN connections remain yet to be elucidated. Additionally, the confounding effects of hyphal damage from CMN disconnection have not been clearly resolved. To uncover the contribution of CMN integrity to neighbour-primed plant defences, we used model AMF Rhizophagus irregularis to inter-connect two Medicago truncatula plants and explored the effect of sender wounding and flg22 elicitation on receiver plants leaf responses and pathogen tolerance. For the first time, we demonstrate that changes in receivers biotic stress and defence signalling pathways rely on CMN-mediated inter-plant signals, not on mycelial network damage. This response was associated with distinct leaf isoprenoid production, including volatile monoterpenes and triterpene saponins. Furthermore, CMN-mediated signals from stressed senders enhanced receiver resistance to Fusarium sporotrichoides whilst simultaneously increasing susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Our findings highlight the critical role of CMN in inter-plant signalling for pathogen-specific susceptibility and resistance which can be a key for understanding plant community-level defence in nature and agroecosystems.