Genome sequencing for early-onset dementia: high diagnostic yield and frequent observation of multiple contributory alleles

Abstract

We assessed the utility of genome sequencing for early-onset dementia. Participants were selected from a memory disorders clinic. Genome sequencing was performed along with C9orf72 repeat expansion testing. All returned sequencing results were Sanger validated clinically. Prior clinical diagnoses included Alzheimers disease, frontotemporal dementia, and unspecified dementia. The mean age-of-onset was 54 (41-76). 50% of patients had a strong family history, 37.5% had some, and 12.5% had no known family history. Nine of 32 patients (28%) had a variant defined as pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) by American College of Medical Genetics standards, including variants in APP, C9orf72, CSF1R, and MAPT. Nine patients (including three with P/LP variants) harbored established risk alleles with moderate penetrance (odds ratios of about 2-5) in ABCA7, AKAP9, GBA, PLD3, SORL1, and TREM2. All six patients harboring these moderate penetrance variants but not P/LP variants also had one or two APOE {varepsilon}4 alleles. One patient had two APOE {varepsilon}4 alleles with no other established contributors. In total, 16 patients (50%) harbored one or more genetic variants likely to explain symptoms. We identified variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) in ABI3, ADAM10, ARSA, GRID2IP, MME, NOTCH3, PLCD1, PSEN1, TM2D3, TNK1, TTC3, and VPS13C, also often along with other variants. In summary, genome sequencing for early-onset dementia demonstrated high utility, with particular advantages where targeted testing may fail such as atypical variant-disease associations or presence of multiple moderate impact alleles. One or more established contributory alleles is often present in early-onset dementia, supporting an oligogenic model.