Cortical isolation separates rhythmic synchrony from network integration in the human neocortex.

Human cortical activity reflects interactions between local recurrent circuits and distributed brain-wide inputs, but how these contributions shape cortical dynamics remains unclear. We compared oscillatory and single unit activity in laminar recordings from the same human cortical regions in eight patients across wakefulness, NREM sleep, and acute slices after surgical isolation. Gamma-band spike-field synchronization increased from wakefulness to sleep and isolated cortex, whereas population coupling, putative connectivity, network integration, and dynamical dimensionality declined. Laminar gamma sink-source organization persisted in isolation, indicating the presence of local gamma-generating mechanisms. Integration with histological data showed preserved tissue architecture, while neuronal density predicted population integration in vivo but not after isolation. Removing long-range inputs thus did not suppress cortical activity but shifted its organization toward stronger rhythmic coordination and reduced integration. Our findings suggest that neocortical microcircuits intrinsically generate coherent gamma activity, whereas network embedding supports the diverse, high-dimensional dynamics of the intact cortex.