High-throughput production of functional prototissues capable of producing NO for vasodilation

Bottom-up synthesis of prototissues helps us to understand the internal cellular communications in the natural tissues and their functions, as well as to improve or repair the damaged tissues. The existed prototissues are rarely used to improve the function of living tissues. We demonstrated a methodology to produce spatially programmable prototissues based on the magneto-Archimedes effect in a high-throughput manner. More than 2000 prototissues are produced once within 2 hours. Two-component and three-component spatial coded prototissues are fabricated by varying the addition giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) order/number, and the magnetic field distributions. Two-step and three-step signal communications in the prototissues are realized using cascade enzyme reactions. More importantly, the two-component prototissues capable of producing nitric oxide (NO) cause vasodilation of rat blood vessels in the presence of glucose and hydroxyurea. The tension force decreases 2.59 g, meanwhile the blood vessel relaxation is of 31.2%. Our works pave the path to fabricate complicated programmable prototissues, and hold great potential in tissue transplantation in the biomedical field.