Food supplementation affects gut microbiota and immunological resistance to parasites in a wild bird species

O_LISupplemental feeding can increase the overall health of animals but also can have varying consequences for animals dealing with parasites. Furthermore, the mechanism mediating the effect of food supplementation on host-parasite interactions remains poorly understood. C_LIO_LIThe goal of the study was to determine the effect of food supplementation on host defenses against parasitic nest flies and whether host gut microbiota, which can affect immunity, potentially mediates these relationships. In a fully crossed design, I experimentally manipulated the abundance of parasitic nest flies (Protocalliphora sialia) and food availability then characterized the gut microbiota, immune responses, and nest parasite abundance of nestling eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). C_LIO_LIFood supplemented birds had 75% fewer parasites than unsupplemented birds. Parasite abundance decreased throughout the breeding season for unsupplemented birds, but abundance did not change throughout the season for supplemented birds. Food supplementation increased overall fledging success. Parasitism had a sublethal effects on blood loss, but food supplementation mitigated these effects by increasing parasite resistance via the nestling IgY antibody response. C_LIO_LIFood supplementation increased the gut bacterial diversity in nestlings, which was negatively related to parasite abundance. Food supplementation also increased the relative abundance of Clostridium spp. in nestlings, which was positively related to their antibody response and negatively related to parasite abundance. C_LIO_LISynthesis and applications. Overall, these results suggest that food supplementation, especially early in the breeding season, increases resistance to parasitism during the early life stage of the host, which could be mediated by the effect of supplementation on the gut microbiota. Wildlife food supplementation is a common pastime for humans worldwide and therefore it is important to determine the consequences of this activity on animal health. Furthermore, supplemental feeding could induce resistance to detrimental parasites (e.g. invasive parasites) in hosts when management of the parasite is not immediately possible. C_LI