Fine mapping using whole-genome sequencing confirms anti Mullerian hormone as a major gene for sex determination in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

Abstract

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most cultivated and economically important species in world aquaculture. Faster male development during grow-out phase is considered a major problem that generate heterogeneous sizes of fish at harvest. Identifying genomic regions associated with sex determination in Nile tilapia is a research topic of great interest. The objective of this study was to identify genomic variants associated with sex determination in three commercial populations of Nile tilapia. Whole-genome sequencing of 326 individuals was performed, and a total of 2.4 million high-quality bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify markers associated with the binary sexual trait (males = 0; females = 1). A mixed logistic regression GWAS model was fitted and a genome-wide significant signal comprising 36 SNPs, located on chromosome 23 spanning a genomic region of 536 kb, was identified. Ten out of these 36 genetic variants, intercept the anti-Mullerian hormone gene. Other significant SNPs were located in the neighboring Amh gene region. This gene has been strongly associated with sex determination in several vertebrate species, playing an essential role in the differentiation of male and female reproductive tissue in early stages of development. This finding provides useful information to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying sex determination in Nile tilapia.