FPGA-based scanner and SerialEM server for 4D-STEM Electron Tomography

Abstract

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) enables the acquisition of diffraction patterns at every probe position in a dense array. For imaging applications this approach offers significant benefits in terms of spatial resolution and contrast enhancement. In this work, we present the development of a synchronous scan generator integrated with SerialEM software to enable automation of complex experimental protocols such as tomography. The proposed hardware functions as an interface between SerialEM, the scan controls of the microscope, a fast annular dark-field detector, and a synchronized trigger for a pixelated detector. Our previous implementation, named SavvyScan, relied on a dedicated computer equipped with a multichannel acquisition and signal-generation cards, as well as a separate microcontroller for synchronization. Here, we report a low-cost implementation based on a Red Pitaya board, utilizing direct programming of its embedded FPGA and Linux server components. We provide detailed instructions for system installation and operation, along with practical guidance for modifying the source code. System performance is validated through oscilloscope measurements and imaging of a replica grating sample. The utility of the approach is further demonstrated by generating a 3D electron tomogram of a cryogenic sample of mitochondria from a tilt series of shadow montage projections.