Retrotransposons as pathogenicity factors of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea

BackgroundRetrotransposons are genetic elements inducing mutations in all domains of life. Despite their detrimental effect, retrotransposons become temporarily active during epigenetic reprogramming and cellular stress response, which may accelerate host genome evolution. In fungal pathogens, a positive role has been attributed to retrotransposons when shaping genome architecture and expression of genes encoding pathogenicity factors; thus, retrotransposons are known to influence pathogenicity. ResultsWe here uncovered a hitherto unknown role of fungal retrotransposons as being pathogenicity factors, themselves. Studying the aggressive fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, that is known to deliver some long-terminal repeat (LTR) deriving regulatory trans-species small RNAs (BcsRNAs) into plant cells to suppress host gene expression for infection we found that naturally occurring, less aggressive B. cinerea strains possess considerably lower copy numbers of LTR retrotransposons and had lost retrotransposon BcsRNA production. By a transgenic proof-of-concept approach, we reconstituted retrotransposon expression in a BcsRNA-lacking B. cinerea strain, which resulted in enhanced aggressiveness in a retrotransposon and BcsRNA expression-dependent manner. Moreover, retrotransposon expression in B. cinerea led to suppression of plant defence-related genes during infection. ConclusionsWe propose that retrotransposons are pathogenicity factors that manipulate host plant gene expression by encoding trans-species BcsRNAs. Taken together, the novelty that retrotransposons are pathogenicity factors will have general impact on studies of host-microbe interactions and pathology.