Dominance asymmetries shape vocal exchanges in meerkats

Abstract

Physical grooming is often used to maintain social bonds in animal groups, but opportunities for grooming each group member may be limited. Vocal exchanges have been proposed as an alternative way to sustain social ties without requiring physical proximity. To explore the link between vocal exchanges and social relationships, we examined the effect of dominance and dyadic bond strength of the interacting partners on the intensity of vocal interaction in meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Focusing on sunning calls, socially facilitated vocalisations produced when meerkats warm themselves in the sun, we conducted experiments where we played sunning calls to individuals and recorded their responses. Overall, subordinate individuals showed an increased call rate when responding to calls from dominants. Tie strength showed a weak trend that differed across dyad types. These results support the notion of meerkat sunning calls having a social regulatory function, possibly as a bonding or appeasing signal, mainly directed to dominant individuals. Our results reflect the dichotomy between the subordinate and dominant individuals and underscore the strategic nature of social relationships within a despotic society. Engaging in continuous reciprocal interactions can signify commitment, promoting tolerance and cooperation. Investing in such interaction with influential dominants could lower the chances of aggression and would fit the vocal grooming functionality of such call exchanges. Further work establishing causal links between vocal interaction patterns and long-term relationship outcomes will be crucial for understanding the scope of vocal grooming as a complement or alternative to physical affiliation across species. LAY SUMMARYMeerkats use more than grooming to manage their social relationships--they also exchange short calls while warming in the sun. Playback of these "sunning calls" to wild meerkats led to increased calling by listeners, particularly when subordinates heard dominants. Females responded somewhat more than males, and social bond strength had a modest influence on calling patterns. Such vocal exchanges may function as "vocal grooming," helping maintain relationships at a distance.